ABSTRACT
Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the constant transformation of the SARS-COV-2 virus form, exposure to substantial psychosocial stress, environmental change, and isolation have led to the inference that the overall population's mental health could be affected, resulting in an increase in cases of psychosis. Objective(s): We initiated a systematic review to determine the impact of the SARS-COV-2 virus and its long-term effects-in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases-on people with or without psychosis. We envisioned that this would give us an insight into effective clinical intervention methods for patients with psychosis during and after the pandemic. Method(s): We selected fifteen papers that met our inclusion criteria, i.e., those that considered participants with or without psychiatric illness and exposed to SARS-COV-2 infection, for this review and were retrieved via Google, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsychINFO Database. Key Gap: There is a dearth of research in understanding how COVID-19 affects people with or without a prior personal history of psychosis. Result(s): The systematic review summary provides insight into the state of knowledge. Insights from the systematic review have also been reviewed from the salutogenesis model's perspec-tive. There is moderate evidence of new-onset psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in which some antipsychotics treated the psychotic symptoms of patients while treating for COVID-19. Suggestions and recommendations are made for preventive and promotive public health strategies. Conclusion(s): The Salutogenesis model and Positive Psychology Interventions (PPI) provide another preventive and promotive public health management approach.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the impact of a web-based positive psychology program delivered universally to secondary school students during school closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS: Using a quasi-experimental design conducted in 2020, 438 students aged 12-15 years (73% male) from 4 secondary schools were invited to complete the 'Bite Back Mental Fitness Challenge'. This web-based program consisted of 7 self-directed modules that targeted 5 key domains of positive psychology. Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression and help-seeking intentions for mental health were assessed at baseline prior to school closures (February to March 2020) and at post-test after the return to school (July to August 2020). At post-test, students also reported on their perceived changes in mental health and help-seeking behavior for mental health during the pandemic. Completion of the program modules was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 445 students consented and 336 (75.5%) completed both assessments. On average, participants completed 2.31 modules (SD: 2.38, range: 0 to 7). There was no change in symptoms of anxiety and depression or help-seeking intentions between baseline and post-test, with no significant effects for gender and history of mental illness. Students who were symptomatic for anxiety and depression at baseline reported lower symptoms at post-test, but this change was not significant. Ninety-seven students (27.5%) reported that their mental health had worsened during the pandemic, and a significant increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms was found in this subsample at post-test. Only 7.7% of students reported a change in their help-seeking behavior, with increased mental health support sought from the Internet, parents, and friends. CONCLUSIONS: The universal delivery of a web-based positive psychology program during school closures did not appear to be associated with improved mental health symptoms; however, completion of the modules was low. Different effects may emerge when selectively delivered to students with mild or greater symptoms. The findings also suggest that broader measures of mental health and wellbeing, including perceived change, are key to the mental health surveillance of students during periods of remote learning.
ABSTRACT
This book tells us from a professional perspective how to deal with stress response in the family, effectively address family problems in the epidemic, and handle the infectious emotions. This book is a profound explanation of the new stress, conflicts, and problems arising at home amid the epidemic. It provides people with a psychological self-help scale to effectively distinguish the normal and abnormal states of psychological response. Besides, it also provides professional psychological assistance and suggestions for special groups, including children, the elderly, the quarantined, and the bereaved, in order to help all families actively respond to the epidemic with the power of psychology. © Beijing Normal University Press 2022.
ABSTRACT
Given the breakout of the Covide-19 pandemic, online L2 learning has become more popular than ever so traditional in-person classroom instruction is giving way to virtual learning. The different approaches to virtual L2 learning entail learners' serious engagement to create their own learning pace. Instructors have a lasting effect on the students when they decide on how, where, and how well learners figure out and how they engage in interactions with each other. Engagement is concerned with rapport, which can be reinforced through scaffolding. Fostering rapport is claimed to improve engagement, degree of satisfaction, and collaboration, leading to effective engagement in the learning process. However, on the one hand, the relation between the two variables has not been examined in language learning, and on the other hand, they have not been investigated in an online scaffolding setting. In order to consider the issue, 586 EFL participants from universities in China were asked to take part in the study and they should answer two questionnaires, namely the student engagement instrument, and the teacher-student rapport scale. In so doing, 494 respondents were kept for the main analysis. The correlation between the two constructs through structural equation modeling (SEM) was 0.714, which is considered a significant and strong correlation. In a nutshell, some academic recommendations for educational stakeholders are provided.
ABSTRACT
During the pandemic, older adults were perceived as a vulnerable group without considering their various strengths. This study explored the associations between character strengths and resilience, and verified if some of these could predict resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 92 participants (women = 79.1%), ≥ 70 years of age (mean = 75.6 years), completed an online version of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths - Positively keyed (VIA-IS-P) to assess 24 character strengths (grouped under six virtues) and the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale. Results showed that 20 of the 24 strengths correlated positively and significantly with resilience. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the virtues of courage and transcendence, as well as attitudes toward aging, uniquely predicted the level of resilience. Interventions should be developed to improve certain strengths (e.g., creativity, zest, hope, humor, and curiosity), while reducing ageism, in order to promote resilience.
ABSTRACT
Community brief Why is this an important issue?"Well-being" captures a state of comfort, health, and happiness and is more than just the absence of disease or negative feelings. Only a few studies to date have focused on the emotional well-being of autistic adults. The positive psychology-based PERMA Profiler (named after the five subscales: Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) is a brief self-report measure for rating well-being using 23 questions. It has been widely used for studying well-being in nonautistic populations. However, no studies have tested how well the PERMA Profiler measures well-being among autistic adults. What was the purpose of this study?The goal was to evaluate the PERMA Profiler using data from a group of autistic adults living in the United States. This was the first study that tested how well the PERMA Profiler measures the well-being of autistic adults, both overall and across the five subscales. What did the researchers do?First, we collected responses to the PERMA Profiler and other questions from more than 500 autistic adults. Then, we tested whether the PERMA Profiler measures well-being consistently and if the measure performs as expected (i.e., did it measure what it is supposed to measure?). We also compared well-being scores with the mental health (anxiety and depression) and life satisfaction of the study participants. What were the results of the study?The average overall well-being score was 5.4 out of 10, with higher values indicating experiencing well-being more often. Notably, the average well-being score was 7.0 in unrelated, previous studies of nonautistic adults). The PERMA Profiler measured well-being consistently in our sample. The overall well-being scores and each of the five subscale scores were related to mental health and life satisfaction as expected. The "Engagement" subscale did not perform as well as the others in our sample, which was consistent with the findings of studies with nonautistic adults. What do these findings add to what was already known?This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of the PERMA Profile or any measure of self-reported well-being in a sample of autistic adults. These results can help future researchers determine how best to study well-being, specifically in autistic adults. These findings point to important changes that might be made to the PERMA Profiler before it is used in future research. What are potential weaknesses in the study?Autistic adults were not involved in the development of the PERMA Profiler. Therefore, the measure may need to be changed by teams involving autistic coinvestigators before use with other samples. Second, our findings may not represent larger, more diverse groups of autistic adults because most participants were White (85%), well-educated (more than 80% completed at least some college), and did not have intellectual disability. Lastly, the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which likely impacted the well-being of participants. How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?Our study provides preliminary support for the PERMA Profiler and suggests next steps for improving it and other measures of well-being before expanding use with autistic adults. Our findings may help the field of autism research develop new measures for understanding and improving well-being. The strengths and weaknesses of the PERMA Profiler that we identified can inform future strengths-based research involving autistic adults. Background: Studies of positive psychology and emotional well-being have broadened our understanding of mental health. However, mental health research involving autistic adults has been largely deficit-focused. Few studies have examined well-being using established positive psychological frameworks.Methods: This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the PERMA Profiler, a 23-item questionnaire that measures well-being across five subscales (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment), in a sample of 517 autistic adults ages 18-84 years (M = 39.5, standard deviation [SD] = 13.3). Reliability (internal consistency), structural validity (via confirmatory factor analysis including bifactor modeling), and concurrent validity were examined.Results: The PERMA Profiler mean (SD) well-being score was 5.4 (SD = 1.7), which is notably lower than the mean of 7.0 previously found in nonautistic samples. Subscale scores were highest for Engagement (M = 6.8;SD = 1.9), followed by Accomplishment (M = 5.6;SD = 2.2), Relationships (M = 5.2;SD = 2.6), Meaning (M = 5.2;SD = 2.7), and Positive emotion (M = 5.0;SD = 2.4). Factor analyses revealed strong psychometrics (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93;Comparative Fit Index = 0.94;Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.97;root mean square error of approximation = 0.08;standardized root mean residual = 0.05) and superior fit of the bifactor model, supporting a general factor for conceptualizing well-being as opposed to a five-factor model. PERMA well-being and subscale scores were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with mental health conditions and life satisfaction.Conclusion: These findings support use of an adapted version of the PERMA Profiler in mental health research to evaluate well-being among autistic adults. Similar to studies with nonautistic populations, the Engagement measure may not capture the experiences of the autistic population and further refinement is needed. Follow-up research should represent a more diverse autistic population, collaborate with autistic coinvestigators, and explore potential correlates of well-being (such as social stigma) while using the PERMA Profiler.
ABSTRACT
Research is always concerned with the topic of how to cure de-pressive symptoms or alleviate the symptoms. A central thera-peutic goal in cognitive behavioral therapy is cognitive restruc-turing. At the behavioral level, a particular therapeutic interven-tion is often used to promote a more positive mindset: a positive effect on the psyche of keeping a happiness diary has already been demonstrated. The results of this work are consistent with others reported in the literature, which is why such studies should also be conducted on clinical groups. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term keeping of the happi-ness diary and what effect this has on the depressive course symptomatology. Subjects were asked at catamnesis (6 months after the end of therapy) whether they still kept their diary regularly and were then instructed to complete the BDI-II again and return it to the practice. These scores were compared to the initial diagnostic from the patient's therapy period (pre-and post-measure-ment) and analyzed. Subjects who had not con-tinued the happiness diary in the next 6 months after the end of therapy achieved a higher score in the BDI-II compared to the subjects who had continued the happiness diary regularly. The results of this work allow conclusions to be drawn about the importance of relapse prevention in psychotherapy.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic is causing an epidemic of loneliness. Previous studies have shown the differences in positive and negative experiences of lonely and non-lonely people in a non-pandemic setting. However, it is unclear how the drastic alteration of the COVID-19 pandemic may influence peoples' reactions and beliefs, especially among those who feel lonely. Our study aims to examine the positive and negative experiences among lonely and non-lonely people. We undertook a cross-sectional online survey of the general population in Germany (N = 1,758) from May 2020 to May 2022. We assessed their feelings of loneliness with the short eight-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), their positive and negative experience of living in the COVID-19 pandemic as well as their psychological distress regarding the pandemic with the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI). We found lonely individuals (ULS-8 score ≥ 16) reported fewer positive experiences of living in the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, less time with loved ones [z (1, 756) = -2.5, p = 0.012] and less sense of togetherness [z (1, 756) = -2.39, p = 0.017] as compared to non-lonely individuals. Meanwhile, they experienced more negative experiences, for example, worry and fear [z (1, 756) = 6.31, p < 0.001] compared with non-lonely individuals. Interestingly, lonely people were less likely to view the pandemic as a conspiracy than non-lonely people were [z (1, 756) = -3.35, p < 0.001]. Our results may give insight into attribution bias and the negative affect of lonely people during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as highlight the experience of non-lonely people and raise the question of differences in conspiracy beliefs. For pandemic preparedness and response, decision-makers may focus on interventions to foster social cohesion, empower people, build resilience, and most importantly provide timely social care.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Loneliness , Humans , Loneliness/psychology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , Cross-Sectional Studies , EmotionsABSTRACT
Burnout is one of the most insidious challenges for healthcare professionals, and has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Gratitude is emerging as an intervention to reduce burnout. However, to the authors' best knowledge, no systematic review has previously been carried out to explore the impact of gratitude on burnout among healthcare professionals. The present study aimed to address this gap. A total of 95 publications were identified, of which 13 were included in the review. These studies provide preliminary evidence for the inverse association between gratitude and burnout, and the effectiveness of gratitude interventions in reducing burnout among healthcare professionals. Limitations of the current research and future directions are discussed, along with the implications for practice. © 2023 MA Healthcare Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Globally, employees are experiencing many challenges to their sense of well-being. The COVID-19 crisis, as well as the enormous technological development we are experiencing, has contributed to employees' poor mental health. This chapter offers a synopsis of different theoretical frameworks that support our understanding of well-being from a positive psychological perspective. The theoretical frameworks presented include the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), the PERMA theory and the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory. Some interventions that could be introduced to support employee well-being in the future are also recommended. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
ABSTRACT
Resilience is an evergreen topic of interest. People are naturally drawn to information on how to improve self-care, create a richer circle of friends, develop and maintain a healthy perspective, and—especially now—the importance of seeing "alone time” not simply as forced isolation but a venue for new personality development. Such areas aid self-awareness and understanding as well as improve our emotional intellect so we don't react but instead pause to reflect and process life as it unfolds. The original edition of Bounce addressed these areas, and much of what was contained in the book is still current and applicable. But then the appearance of Covid-19, intense political strife, and increased divisiveness within countries, families, communities, and even faith traditions occurred. Greeting, successfully adjusting to, and even benefiting from such unexpected and broad-reaching change, challenges, and stress is of even greater import now. In addition, styles of living which were taken for granted—that is, adults go out to work and children are educated in an actual classroom—were also radically impacted. As a result, adults were also expected to deal with the questions raised by the young about their own security and hoped-for normalcy. With updated information and a new chapter on posttraumatic growth, the second edition of Bounce is designed to enhance the search for balance and new meaning-making by enabling a better understanding of both chronic and acute stress, creating and tailoring your own self-care protocol, and knowing how to better debrief yourself after an intense day. © Oxford University Press 2023. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
PurposeThis research adopts the conservation of resources (COR) theory to examine the effects of trust in organizations and trait mindfulness on optimism and perceived stress of flight attendants in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachOnline survey data were collected from 234 flight attendants who work for five low-cost airlines based in Thailand. The data were analyzed by using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results show that trust in an organization and trait mindfulness are negatively associated with the perceived stress of flight attendants. Their associations are also partially mediated by optimism. Moreover, the moderating effect analysis reveals that trait mindfulness intensifies the positive association between trust in organizations and optimism.Originality/valueThe evidence from this research broadens COR theory by showing that different aspects of resources can be combined to strengthen the ability of individuals to gain more resources to lessen stress.
ABSTRACT
Even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers had raised concerns about the mental health of youth worldwide. One response has been the development of positive psychology interventions (PPIs) designed to enhance well-being. This study, conducted at a Thai university, investigated the impact of an online positive psychology course containing several PPIs on student well-being as measured by the EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Subjective Happiness Scale. The scores of the students in the positive psychology course (n = 84) increased in all areas measured, with statistically significant increases in the Perseverance, Optimism, and Happiness subscales of the EPOCH. Meanwhile, the scores of the control group (n = 105) decreased in all but two areas, with statistically significant decreases in the SWLS and Optimism. These findings suggest that teaching PPIs online can positively impact students' well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT
Shame is an unconscious, somehow unattended and neglected emotion and occurs when individual and socio-cultural norms are violated. It often impacts negatively on the self and others across cultures. During the Covid-19 crises, shame has become an important emotion with a powerful effect, depending on how it is experienced within the socio-cultural context. This article explores shame in international perspectives in the context of Covid-19 and addresses the question how shame is transformed from an existential positive psychology (PP2.0) perspective. The study uses a qualitative research paradigm and explores shame and its transformation during Covid-19. Purposeful and snowball sampling was used. The sample consisted of 24 individuals (16 female, 8 male), of 13 different nationalities. Data were collected from written interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. Ethical considerations were followed; ethical approval was given by a university. Findings show that participants become very worried, anxious, scared, sad, and shocked when they or individuals in their close relationships contracted Covid-19. Shame plays an important role during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the meaning and experience of shame during Covid-19 is strongly dependent on the socio-cultural background of the individual who is experiencing the disease. Individuals use different strategies and mechanisms to deal with and transform shame in the context of Covid-19.
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to generate evidence on the role of core elements of positive psychology interventions (PPIs) such as empathy, resilience, gratitude and hope in mitigating the psychological distress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 203) were recruited from the island of Ireland (mean age = 37.7 years, +/- 13.2) and completed an online questionnaire including measures of resilience, hope, gratitude, empathy, depression, stress, anxiety and the subjective distress of COVID-19. A four-step hierarchical regression model was applied. Resilience showed positive significant correlations with gratitude, hope and empathy. Age, gender, presence/absence of a chronic health condition (CHC) and country of residence were not predictors of the subjective distress of COVID-19. Resilience and empathy were a negative and a positive predictor of the subjective distress respectively, while gratitude and hope had no predictive value in this model. Upon adding depression, stress and anxiety, the explained variance in scores of the distress of COVID-19 increased considerably from 16% to 55%. Individuals who experience higher levels of depression and anxiety without necessarily the presence of a CHC and regardless of age, gender, and country of residence, may be more susceptible to experience the subjective distress of COVID-19. These findings can be used to inform the design and delivery of PPIs either as a public health prevention measure or as a treatment programme within a broader context of a public mental health promotion strategy to tackle the psychological impact of this pandemic in adults of the general population.Copyright © 2022 Institute of Health Promotion and Education.
ABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate a brief positive psychological intervention with regard to the mental health of nursing staff in German hospitals. It addresses the question of how positive-psychological online exercises should be designed. BACKGROUND: Nurses in hospitals are known to suffer from mental strain and risk depressive as well as anxiety disorders. The covid-19-pandemic leads to a further aggravation of the situation. Opposed to that, positive psychological interventions can increase resilience by promoting self-management competences and mental strength. RESEARCH METHODS: A 90 min positive-psychological workshop was conducted with six nurses who worked in German hospitals. It consisted of imparting knowledge on positive psychology and learning different positive psychological practices. Afterwards, guideline-based interviews were conducted with six nurses. The outcomes of interest were how the intervention was evaluated, to what extent the intervention led to a reflection and a promotion of self-management competences and whether it allowed the participants to transfer the learnings into everyday life. RESULTS: The intervention led to a reflection of the application competence of positive-psychological techniques by the participating nurses. A promotion of the competences could not be reached. Especially the reflection and promotion of humour competence manifested itself as difficult. CONCLUSION: Despite its short-term nature, the online intervention resulted in a reflection of the nurses' application competence of positive psychology indicating its resource-promoting potential. Follow-up exercises or peer groups should be used for further development, while a training of humour competence might be part of a separate intervention.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Internet-Based Intervention , Nursing Staff , Humans , Nursing Staff/psychology , Mental Health , LearningABSTRACT
This study aimed to examine the relationships between mental wellbeing and positive psychological constructs in therapeutic students (psychotherapy and occupational therapy students). The number of therapeutic students has increased recently; however, they suffer from poor mental health, which may be improved by potentiating their positive psychological constructs, bypassing mental health shame. Therapeutic students (n = 145) completed measures regarding positive psychological constructs, namely mental wellbeing, engagement, motivation, resilience, and self-compassion. Resilience and self-compassion predicted mental wellbeing, explaining a large effect. Self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between resilience and mental wellbeing. This study highlights the importance of positive psychological constructs, especially resilience and self-compassion, for mental wellbeing of therapeutic students.
ABSTRACT
For about two years, we have collectively mourned material, economic, and emotional loss caused by COVID-19. Measures taken to prevent the spread of the virus have contributed to the deterioration in people's mental health. According to scientific evidence, boredom, isolation, helplessness, lack of control, uncertainty, fear of dying, have had an impact on the well-being. There is an increase in the exacerbation of symptoms and pre-existing conditions of psychopathologies and the appearance of new symptoms. However, it is argued that the COVID-19 pandemic has helped people learn more about themselves and their capacities. This article is a narrative review, not intended to be exhaustive, but aims to address emotional well-being by highlighting the identification and use of character strengths as a coping strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. I discuss how character strengths play a positive and significant role in increasing resilience in people who experienced adverse situations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Spanish) Por aproximadamente dos anos hemos vivido un duelo colectivo por la perdida material, economica y emocional provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19. Las medidas tomadas para evitar la propagacion del virus han contribuido al deterioro de la salud mental de las personas. Se documenta en la literatura que el aburrimiento, aislamiento, impotencia, falta de control, incertidumbre, preocupacion, y miedo a morir, han tenido un impacto en todas las dimensiones del bienestar. Tambien, se registra un aumento en la exacerbacion de sintomas y condiciones preexistentes de psicopatologia y aparicion de nuevos sintomas. No obstante, se plantea que la pandemia de COVID-19 ha ayudado a las personas a aprender mas sobre si mismas y sobre sus capacidades. Este articulo es una revision narrativa, que no pretende ser exhaustiva, pero que tiene como objetivo abordar el bienestar emocional destacando la identificacion y el uso de las fortalezas de caracter como estrategia de afrontamiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Discuto como las fortalezas de caracter impactan y aumentan el desarrollo de la resiliencia en personas que experimentan situaciones adversas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an intervention program based on the PROSPER, a comprehensive framework which emphasises the importance of positivity, relationships, outcome, strength, purpose, engagement, and resilience in pre-service teachers' well-being in Hong Kong. Participants were pre-service pre-school teachers (N = 77) who participated in a 1-month randomised control trial with four intervention workshops. They were randomly assigned to either intervention (n = 40) or wait-list control conditions (n = 37). A survey with measures that assessed PROSPER well-being components was administered to participants before and after the intervention. Findings of repeated measures MANCOVA revealed no significant time x group interaction effect, Wilks' Lambda F(7, 50) = 1.66, p = .14, eta 2 = .19. Results of univariate analyses showed that a significant time x group interaction effect existed in relationship component (eta 2 = .08), indicating that the intervention was effective in facilitating pre-service pre-school teachers' positive relationships with their peers. Findings underscore the potential benefits of designing positive psychological interventions for teachers amid the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT
While positive psychological capital (PsyCap) is a significant antecedent of favorable work outcomes, it is unclear whether this is true for global employees during an exogenous shock. Applying conservation of resources theory, we found that, under conditions of crisis-induced role novelty, global employees leveraged PsyCap to follow a resource-gain route to job satisfaction, whereas their ability to mitigate resource loss was limited. We differentiate among global employees, finding that role novelty compensated for lower PsyCap in motivating job engagement for those with higher travel obligations. Our results stress the importance of PsyCap in international human resource management scholarship and practice. © 2023